3.1 Defined terms from the 2021 Code that are used in the International Standard for Therapeutic Use Exemptions
ADAMS: The Anti-Doping Administration and Management System is a Web-based database management
tool for data entry, storage, sharing, and reporting designed to assist stakeholders
and WADA in their anti-doping operations in conjunction with data protection legislation.
Administration: Providing, supplying, supervising, facilitating, or otherwise participating in the
Use or Attempted Use by another Person of a Prohibited Substance or Prohibited Method. However, this definition shall not include the actions of bona fide medical personnel
involving a Prohibited Substance or Prohibited Method Used for genuine and legal therapeutic purposes or other acceptable justification and
shall not include actions involving Prohibited Substances which are not prohibited in Out-of-Competition Testing unless the circumstances as a whole demonstrate that such Prohibited Substances are not intended for genuine and legal therapeutic purposes or are intended to enhance
sport performance.
Adverse Analytical Finding: A report from a WADA-accredited laboratory or other WADA-approved laboratory that, consistent with the International Standard for Laboratories, establishes in a Sample the presence of a Prohibited Substance or its Metabolites or Markers or evidence of the Use of a Prohibited Method.
Anti-Doping Organization: WADA or a Signatory that is responsible for adopting rules for initiating, implementing or enforcing
any part of the Doping Control process. This includes, for example, the International Olympic Committee, the International
Paralympic Committee, other Major Event Organizations that conduct Testing at their Events, International Federations, and National Anti-Doping Organizations.
Athlete: Any Person who competes in sport at the international level (as defined by each International
Federation) or the national level (as defined by each National Anti-Doping Organization). An Anti-Doping Organization has discretion to apply anti-doping rules to an Athlete who is neither an International-Level Athlete nor a National-Level Athlete, and thus to bring them within the definition of “Athlete”. In relation to Athletes who are neither International-Level nor National-Level Athletes, an Anti-Doping Organization may elect to: conduct limited Testing or no Testing at all; analyze Samples for less than the full menu of Prohibited Substances; require limited or no whereabouts information; or not require advance TUEs. However, if an Article 2.1, 2.3 or 2.5 anti-doping rule violation is committed by
any Athlete over whom an Anti-Doping Organization has elected to exercise its authority to test and who competes below the international
or national level, then the Consequences set forth in the Code must be applied. For purposes of Article 2.8 and Article 2.9 and for purposes of
anti-doping information and Education, any Person who participates in sport under the authority of any Signatory, government, or other sports organization accepting the Code is an Athlete.
[Comment to Athlete: Individuals who participate in sport may fall in one of five
categories:
1) International-Level Athlete, 2) National-Level Athlete, 3) individuals who are
not International or National-Level Athletes but over whom the International Federation
or National Anti-Doping Organization has chosen to exercise authority, 4) Recreational
Athlete, and 5) individuals over whom no International Federation or National Anti-Doping
Organization has, or has chosen to, exercise authority. All International and National-Level
Athletes are subject to the anti-doping rules of the Code, with the precise definitions
of international and national level sport to be set forth in the anti-doping rules
of the International Federations and National Anti-Doping Organizations.]
Attempt: Purposely engaging in conduct that constitutes a substantial step in a course of
conduct planned to culminate in the commission of an anti-doping rule violation. Provided,
however, there shall be no anti-doping rule violation based solely on an Attempt to commit a violation if the Person renounces the Attempt prior to it being discovered by a third party not involved in the Attempt.
CAS: The Court of Arbitration for Sport.
Code: The World Anti-Doping Code.
Competition: A single race, match, game or singular sport contest. For example, a basketball game
or the finals of the Olympic 100-meter race in athletics. For stage races and other
sport contests where prizes are awarded on a daily or other interim basis the distinction
between a Competition and an Event will be as provided in the rules of the applicable International Federation.
Education: The process of learning to instill values and develop behaviors that foster and
protect the spirit of sport, and to prevent intentional and unintentional doping.
Event: A series of individual Competitions conducted together under one ruling body (e.g., the Olympic Games, World Championships
of an International Federation, or Pan American Games).
In-Competition: The period commencing at 11:59 p.m. on the day before a Competition in which the Athlete is scheduled to participate through the end of such Competition and the Sample collection process related to such Competition. Provided, however, WADA may approve, for a particular sport, an alternative definition if an International
Federation provides a compelling justification that a different definition is necessary
for its sport; upon such approval by WADA, the alternative definition shall be followed by all Major Event Organizations for that particular sport.
[Comment to In-Competition: Having a universally accepted definition for In-Competition
provides greater harmonization among Athletes across all sports, eliminates or reduces
confusion among Athletes about the relevant timeframe for In-Competition Testing,
avoids inadvertent Adverse Analytical Findings in between Competitions during an Event
and assists in preventing any potential performance enhancement benefits from substances
prohibited Out-of-Competition being carried over to the Competition period.]
International Event: An Event or Competition where the International Olympic Committee, the International Paralympic Committee,
an International Federation, a Major Event Organization, or another international sport organization is the ruling body for the Event or appoints the technical officials for the Event.
International-Level Athlete:
Athletes who compete in sport at the international level, as defined by each International
Federation, consistent with the International Standard for Testing and Investigations.
[Comment to International-Level Athlete: Consistent with the International Standard
for Testing and Investigations, the International Federation is free to determine
the criteria it will use to classify Athletes as International-Level Athletes, e.g.,
by ranking, by participation in particular International Events, by type of license,
etc. However, it must publish those criteria in clear and concise form, so that Athletes
are able to ascertain quickly and easily when they will become classified as International-Level
Athletes. For example, if the criteria include participation in certain International
Events, then the International Federation must publish a list of those International
Events.]
International Standard: A standard adopted by WADA in support of the Code. Compliance with an International Standard (as opposed to another alternative standard, practice or procedure) shall be sufficient
to conclude that the procedures addressed by the International Standard were performed properly. International Standards shall include any Technical Documents issued pursuant to the International Standard.
Major Event Organizations: The continental associations of National Olympic Committees and other international multi-sport organizations that function as the ruling body
for any continental, regional or other International Event.
National Anti-Doping Organization: The entity(ies) designated by each country as possessing the primary authority and
responsibility to adopt and implement anti-doping rules, direct the collection of
Samples, manage test results and conduct Results Management at the national level. If this designation has not been made by the competent public
authority(ies), the entity shall be the country’s National Olympic Committee or its designee.
National-Level Athlete:
Athletes who compete in sport at the national level, as defined by each National Anti-Doping Organization, consistent with the International Standard for Testing and Investigations.
Out-of-Competition: Any period which is not In-Competition.
Possession: The actual, physical Possession, or the constructive Possession (which shall be found only if the Person has exclusive control or intends to exercise control over the Prohibited Substance or Prohibited Method or the premises in which a Prohibited Substance or Prohibited Method exists); provided, however, that if the Person does not have exclusive control over the Prohibited Substance or Prohibited Method or the premises in which a Prohibited Substance or Prohibited Method exists, constructive Possession shall only be found if the Person knew about the presence of the Prohibited Substance or Prohibited Method and intended to exercise control over it. Provided, however, there shall be no anti-doping
rule violation based solely on Possession if, prior to receiving notification of any kind that the Person has committed an anti-doping rule violation, the Person has taken concrete action demonstrating that the Person never intended to have Possession and has renounced Possession by explicitly declaring it to an Anti-Doping Organization. Notwithstanding anything to the contrary in this definition, the purchase (including
by any electronic or other means) of a Prohibited Substance or Prohibited Method constitutes Possession by the Person who makes the purchase.
[Comment to Possession: Under this definition, anabolic steroids found in an Athlete's car would constitute a violation unless the Athlete establishes that someone else
used the car; in that event, the Anti-Doping Organization must establish that, even
though the Athlete did not have exclusive control over the car, the Athlete knew about
the anabolic steroids and intended to have control over them. Similarly, in the example
of anabolic steroids found in a home medicine cabinet under the joint control of an
Athlete and spouse, the Anti-Doping Organization must establish that the Athlete knew
the steroids were in the cabinet and that the Athlete intended to exercise control
over them. The act of purchasing a Prohibited Substance alone constitutes Possession,
even where, for example, the product does not arrive, is received by someone else,
or is sent to a third-party address.]
Prohibited List: The list identifying the Prohibited Substances and Prohibited Methods.
Prohibited Method: Any method so described on the Prohibited List.
Prohibited Substance: Any substance, or class of substances, so described on the
Prohibited List.
Recreational Athlete: A natural Person who is so defined by the relevant National Anti-Doping Organization; provided, however, the term shall not include any Person who, within the five (5) years prior to committing any anti-doping rule violation,
has been an International-Level Athlete (as defined by each International Federation consistent with the International Standard for Testing and Investigations) or National-Level Athlete (as defined by each National Anti-Doping Organization consistent with the International Standard for Testing and Investigations), has represented any country in an International Event in an open category or has been included within any Registered Testing Pool or other whereabouts information pool maintained by any International Federation
or National Anti-Doping Organization.
[Comment to Recreational Athlete: The term “open category” is meant to exclude competition
that is limited to junior or age group categories.]
Results Management: The process encompassing the timeframe between notification as per Article 5 of the
International Standard for Results Management, or in certain cases (e.g., Atypical Finding, Athlete Biological Passport, Whereabouts Failure), such pre-notification steps expressly provided for in Article 5 of the International Standard for Results Management, through the charge until the final resolution of the matter, including the end of
the hearing process at first instance or on appeal (if an appeal was lodged).
Sample or Specimen: Any biological material collected for the purposes of Doping Control.
[Comment to Sample or Specimen: It has sometimes been claimed that the collection
of blood Samples violates the tenets of certain religious or cultural groups. It has
been determined that there is no basis for any such claim.]
Testing: The parts of the Doping Control process involving test distribution planning, Sample collection, Sample handling, and Sample transport to the laboratory.
Therapeutic Use Exemption (TUE): A Therapeutic Use Exemption allows an Athlete with a medical condition to use a Prohibited Substance or Prohibited Method, but only if the conditions set out in Article 4.4 and the International Standard for Therapeutic Use Exemptions are met.
Use: The utilization, application, ingestion, injection or consumption by any means whatsoever
of any Prohibited Substance or Prohibited Method.
WADA: The World Anti-Doping Agency.