3.1 Defined terms from the 2015 Code that are used in the International Standard for Therapeutic Use Exemptions:
ADAMS: The Anti-Doping Administration and Management System is a Web- based database management
tool for data entry, storage, sharing, and reporting designed to assist stakeholders
and WADA in their anti-doping operations in conjunction with data protection legislation.
Administration: Providing, supplying, supervising, facilitating, or otherwise participating in the
Use or Attempted Use by another Person of a Prohibited Substance or Prohibited Method. However, this definition shall not include the actions of bona fide medical personnel
involving a Prohibited Substance or Prohibited Method used for genuine and legal therapeutic purposes or other acceptable justification
and shall not include actions involving Prohibited Substances which are not prohibited in Out-of-Competition Testing unless the circumstances as a whole demonstrate that such Prohibited Substances are not intended for genuine and legal therapeutic purposes or are intended to enhance
sport performance.
Adverse Analytical Finding: A report from a WADA-accredited laboratory or other WADA-approved laboratory that, consistent with the International Standard for Laboratories
and related Technical Documents, identifies in a Sample the presence of a Prohibited Substance or its Metabolites or Markers (including elevated quantities of endogenous substances) or evidence of the Use of a Prohibited Method.
Anti-Doping Organization: A Signatory that is responsible for adopting rules for initiating, implementing or enforcing any
part of the Doping Control process. This includes, for example, the International Olympic Committee, the International
Paralympic Committee, other Major Event Organizations that conduct Testing at their Events, WADA, International Federations, and National Anti-Doping Organizations.
Athlete: Any Person who competes in sport at the international level (as defined by each International
Federation) or the national level (as defined by each National Anti-Doping Organization). An Anti-Doping Organization has discretion to apply anti-doping rules to an Athlete who is neither an International-Level Athlete nor a National-Level Athlete, and thus to bring them within the definition of “Athlete.” In relation to Athletes who are neither International-Level nor National-Level Athletes, an Anti-Doping Organization may elect to: conduct limited Testing or no Testing at all; analyze Samples for less than the full menu of Prohibited Substances; require limited or no whereabouts information; or not require advance TUEs. However, if an Article 2.1, 2.3 or 2.5 anti-doping rule violation is committed by
any Athlete over whom an Anti-Doping Organization has authority who competes below the international or national level, then the Consequences set forth in the Code (except Article 14.3.2) must be applied. For purposes of Article 2.8 and Article 2.9
and for purposes of anti-doping information and education, any Person who participates in sport under the authority of any Signatory, government, or other sports organization accepting the Code is an Athlete.
[Comment: This definition makes it clear that all International- and National-Level
Athletes are subject to the anti-doping rules of the Code, with the precise definitions
of international- and national-level sport to be set forth in the anti- doping rules
of the International Federations and National Anti-Doping Organizations, respectively.
The definition also allows each National Anti-Doping Organization, if it chooses to
do so, to expand its anti-doping program beyond International- or National-Level Athletes
to competitors at lower levels of Competition or to individuals who engage in fitness
activities but do not compete at all. Thus, a National Anti-Doping Organization could,
for example, elect to test recreational-level competitors but not require advance
TUEs. But an anti-doping rule violation involving an Adverse Analytical Finding or
Tampering, results in all of the Consequences provided for in the Code (with the exception
of Article 14.3.2). The decision on whether Consequences apply to recreational-level
Athletes who engage in fitness activities but never compete is left to the National
Anti-Doping Organization. In the same manner, a Major Event Organization holding an
Event only for masters-level competitors could elect to test the competitors but not
analyze Samples for the full menu of Prohibited Substances. Competitors at all levels
of Competition should receive the benefit of anti-doping information and education.]
Code: The World Anti-Doping Code.
Competition: A single race, match, game or singular sport contest. For example, a basketball game
or the finals of the Olympic 100-meter race in athletics. For stage races and other
sport contests where prizes are awarded on a daily or other interim basis the distinction
between a Competition and an Event will be as provided in the rules of the applicable International Federation.
Event: A series of individual Competitions conducted together under one ruling body (e.g., the Olympic Games, FINA World Championships,
or Pan American Games).
In-Competition: Unless provided otherwise in the rules of an International Federation or the ruling
body of the Event in question, “In-Competition” means the period commencing twelve hours before a Competition in which the Athlete is scheduled to participate through the end of such Competition and the Sample collection process related to such Competition.
[Comment: An International Federation or ruling body for an Event may establish an
“In-Competition” period that is different than the Event Period.]
International-Level Athlete: Athletes who compete in sport at the international level, as defined by each International
Federation, consistent with the International Standard for Testing and Investigations.
[Comment: Consistent with the International Standard for Testing and Investigations,
the International Federation is free to determine the criteria it will use to classify
Athletes as International-Level Athletes, e.g., by ranking, by participation in particular
International Events, by type of license, etc. However, it must publish those criteria
in clear and concise form, so that Athletes are able to ascertain quickly and easily
when they will become classified as International- Level Athletes. For example, if
the criteria include participation in certain International Events, then the International
Federation must publish a list of those International Events.]
Major Event Organizations: The continental associations of National Olympic Committees and other international multi-sport organizations that function as the ruling body
for any continental, regional or other International Event.
National Anti-Doping Organization: The entity(ies) designated by each country as possessing the primary authority and
responsibility to adopt and implement anti-doping rules, direct the collection of
Samples, the management of test results, and the conduct of hearings at the national level.
If this designation has not been made by the competent public authority(ies), the
entity shall be the country’s National Olympic Committee or its designee.
National-Level Athlete: Athletes who compete in sport at the national level, as defined by each National Anti-Doping Organization, consistent with the International Standard for Testing and Investigations.
Possession: The actual, physical Possession, or the constructive Possession (which shall be found only if the Person has exclusive control or intends to exercise control over the Prohibited Substance or Prohibited Method or the premises in which a Prohibited Substance or Prohibited Method exists); provided, however, that if the Person does not have exclusive control over the Prohibited Substance or Prohibited Method or the premises in which a Prohibited Substance or Prohibited Method exists, constructive Possession shall only be found if the Person knew about the presence of the Prohibited Substance or Prohibited Method and intended to exercise control over it. Provided, however, there shall be no anti-
doping rule violation based solely on Possession if, prior to receiving notification of any kind that the Person has committed an anti-doping rule violation, the Person has taken concrete action demonstrating that the Person never intended to have Possession and has renounced Possession by explicitly declaring it to an Anti-Doping Organization. Notwithstanding anything to the contrary in this definition, the purchase (including
by any electronic or other means) of a Prohibited Substance or Prohibited Method constitutes Possession by the Person who makes the purchase.
[Comment: Under this definition, steroids found in an Athlete’s car would constitute
a violation unless the Athlete establishes that someone else used the car; in that
event, the Anti-Doping Organization must establish that, even though the Athlete did
not have exclusive control over the car, the Athlete knew about the steroids and intended
to have control over the steroids. Similarly, in the example of steroids found in
a home medicine cabinet under the joint control of an Athlete and spouse, the Anti-Doping
Organization must establish that the Athlete knew the steroids were in the cabinet
and that the Athlete intended to exercise control over the steroids. The act of purchasing
a Prohibited Substance alone constitutes Possession, even where, for example, the
product does not arrive, is received by someone else, or is sent to a third party
address.]
Prohibited List: The List identifying the Prohibited Substances and Prohibited Methods.
Prohibited Method: Any method so described on the Prohibited List.
Prohibited Substance: Any substance, or class of substances, so described on the Prohibited List.
Signatories: Those entities signing the Code and agreeing to comply with the
Code, as provided in Article 23.
Testing: The parts of the Doping Control process involving test distribution planning, Sample collection, Sample handling, and Sample transport to the laboratory.
TUE: Therapeutic Use Exemption, as described in Article 4.4.
Use: The utilization, application, ingestion, injection or consumption by any means whatsoever
of any Prohibited Substance or Prohibited Method.
WADA: The World Anti-Doping Agency.