The Government of the Kingdom of the Netherlands
and
the Government of Mongolia, hereinafter referred to as the Contracting Parties,
Desiring to conclude an Agreement for the purpose of establishing and operating air
services between and beyond their respective territories,
Being parties to the Convention on International Civil Aviation opened for signature
at Chicago on the seventh day of December, 1944;
Have agreed as follows:
For the purpose of the present Agreement and its Annex, unless the context otherwise
requires:
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a) “aeronautical authorities" means in the case of Mongolia, the Minister of Infrastructure
Development and in the case of the Kingdom of the Netherlands the Minister of Transport,
Public Works and Watermanagement; or, in either case, any person or body authorized
to perform any functions on Civil Aviation at present exercised by the said authorities;
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b) “Agreement" means this Agreement, its Annex and any amendments thereto;
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c) “the Convention" means the Convention on International Civil Aviation opened for signature
at Chicago on the seventh day of December, 1944, and includes any Annex adopted under
Article 90 of that Convention and any amendment made to the Convention or its Annexes
under Article 90 and 94 thereof so far as these Annexes and amendments have been effective
for both Contracting Parties;
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d) “territory" has the meaning assigned to it in Article 2 of the Convention;
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e) “air services", “international air service", “airline" and “stop for non-traffic purposes"
have the meanings respectively assigned to them in Article 96 of the Convention;
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f) “designated airline" means an airline designated and authorised in accordance with
Article 3 of the present Agreement;
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g) “specified route" means the routes specified in the Annex to the present Agreement;
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h) “agreed services" means the air services operated on the specified routes;
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i) the term “stores" means articles of a readily consumable nature for use or sale on
board an aircraft during flight, including commissary supplies;
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j) the term “tariff" means any amount charged or to be charged by airlines, directly
or through their agents, to any person or entity for the carriage of passengers (and
their baggage) and cargo (excluding mail) in air transportation, including:
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I. the conditions governing the availability and applicability of a tariff, and
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II. the charges and conditions for any services ancillary to such carriage which are offered
by airlines.
Article 2. Grant of Rights
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3 Subject to the provisions of the present Agreement, the designated airlines of each
Contracting Party shall enjoy, while operating the agreed services on the specified
routes, the privilege to make stops in the territory of the other Contracting Party
at the points specified for that route in the Annex for the purposes of discharging
and of taking on international traffic in passengers, cargo and mail, separately or
in combination.
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4 Nothing in paragraph 3 of this Article shall be deemed to confer on the designated
airlines of one Contracting Party the privilege of taking on, in the territory of
the other Contracting Party, passengers, cargo and mail carried for remuneration or
hire and destined for another point in the territory of that other Contracting Party.
Article 3. Designation and Authorisation
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2 On receipt of such designation the other Contracting Party shall, subject to the
provisions of paragraphs 3 and 4 of this Article, grant the appropriate operating
authorisation without delay to the designated airline or airlines concerned.
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4 Each Contracting Party shall have the right to refuse to grant the operating authorisation
referred to in paragraph 2 of this Article, or to impose such conditions as they may
deem necessary on the exercise by the designated airlines of privileges specified
in Article 2 of the present Agreement, in any case where the said Contracting Party
is not satisfied that substantial ownership and effective control of those airlines
are vested in the Contracting Party designating the airlines and/or in its nationals.
Article 4. Revocation and Suspension of Authorization
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1 Each Contracting Party shall have the right to revoke an operating authorization
or to suspend the exercise of the privileges specified in paragraphs 2 and 3 of Article
2 of the present Agreement by the designated airlines of the other Contracting Party,
or to impose such conditions as they may deem necessary on the exercise of these privileges:
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a) in any case where they are not satisfied that substantial ownership and effective
control of those airlines are vested in the Contracting Party designating the airlines
and/or in its nationals; or
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b) in case of failure by those airlines to comply with the laws or regulations of the
Contracting Party granting those privileges; or
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c) in case the airlines otherwise fail to comply with provisions of the present Agreement.
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2 Unless immediate revocation, suspension or imposition of the conditions prescribed
in paragraph 1 of this Article is essential to prevent further infringements of laws
or regulations, such rights shall be exercised only after consultation with the Aeronautical
Authorities of the other Contracting Party, in conformity with the provisions laid
down in Article 14.
Article 5. Application of Laws, Regulations and Procedures
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1 The laws, regulations and procedures of one Contracting Party governing entry into
or departure from its territory of an aircraft engaged in international air services,
or relating to the operation and navigation of such aircraft while within its territory,
shall be complied with by the airline or airlines of the other Contracting Party.
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2 The laws, regulations and procedures of one Contracting Party governing entry into,
stay in or departure from its territory of passengers, crew, cargo and mail, such
as formalities relating to entry, exit, emigration and immigration, passports, customs,
currency, and quarantine shall be applied to the passengers, crew, cargo and mail
carried by the designated airlines of the other Contracting Party.
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3 Passengers, baggage and cargo in direct transit across the territory of one Contracting
Party and not leaving the area of the airport reserved for such purpose shall only
be subject to a very simplified control. Baggage and cargo in direct transit shall
be exempt from customs duties and other similar charges.
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4 Fees and charges applied in the territory of either Contracting Party to the airline
operations of the other Contracting Party for the use of airports and other aviation
facilities in the territory of the first Contracting Party, shall not be higher than
those applied to the operations of any other airline engaged in similar operations.
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5 Neither of the Contracting Parties shall give preference to any other airline over
the designated airline of the other Contracting Party in the application of its customs,
immigration, quarantine, and similar regulations; or in the use of airports, airways
and air traffic services and associated facilities under its control.
Article 6. Airline Representation
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1 Each Contracting Party grants to the designated airlines of the other Contracting
Party the right to establish representative offices in its territory. Those representative
offices may include managerial, commercial, operational and technical staff.
The representative offices and their staff shall be established in accordance with
the laws and regulations in force in the territory of that other Contracting Party.
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1 The airline designated by one Contracting Party shall notify the Aeronautical Authorities
of the other Contracting Party, forty-five (45) days in advance, of the timetable
of its intended services, specifying the frequency, type of aircraft, configuration
and number of seats to be made available to the public.
Article 8. Recognition of Certificates and Licences (Safety)
Certificates of airworthiness, certificates of competency and licences, issued or
validated by one Contracting Party and still in force, shall be recognised as valid
by the other Contracting Party for the purpose of operating the agreed services on
the routes specified in the Annex provided that such certificates or licences were
issued or validated pursuant to, and in conformity with, the standards established
under the Convention. Each Contracting Party shall have the right, however, to refuse
to recognise, for the purpose of flights above its own territory, certificates of
competency and licences granted to its own nationals by the other Contracting Party.
Article 9. Fair Competition and Capacity
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2 Each Contracting Party may require notification to or filing with its Aeronautical
Authorities of tariffs proposed to be charged to or from its territory by airlines
of the other Contracting Party. Notification or filing by the airlines of both Contracting
Parties may be required no more than sixty (60) days before the proposed date of effectiveness.
In individual cases, notification or filing may be permitted on shorter notice than
normally required.
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3 If either Contracting Party believes that any such tariff is inconsistent with the
considerations set forth in paragraph 1 of this Article, it shall request consultations
and notify the other Contracting Party of the reasons for its dissatisfaction as soon
as possible. These consultations shall be held not later than thirty (30) days after
receipt of the request, and the Contracting Parties shall cooperate in securing information
necessary for reasoned resolution of the issue. If the Contracting Parties reach agreement
with respect to a tariff for which a notice of dissatisfaction has been given, each
Contracting Party shall use its best efforts to put that agreement into effect. If
the agreement between the Aeronautical authorities cannot be reached, the dispute
shall be settled in accordance with the provisions of Article 15 of the present Agreement.
Article 11. Taxes, Customs and Charges
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1 Aircraft operating on international air services by the designated airline of either
Contracting Party, as well as their regular equipment, spare parts, supplies of fuels
and lubricants, aircraft stores (including food, beverages and tobacco) on board as
well as advertising and promotional material kept on board such aircraft shall be
exempt from all customs duties, inspection fees and similar national or local duties
and charges, on arrival in the territory of the Contracting Party, provided such equipment
and supplies remain on board the aircraft up to such time as they are re-exported.
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2 With regard to regular equipment, spare parts, supplies of fuels and lubricants and
aircraft stores introduced into the territory of one Contracting Party by or on behalf
of a designated airline of the other Contracting Party or taken on board the aircraft
operated by such designated airline and intended solely for use on board that aircraft
while operating international services, no duties and charges, including customs duties
and inspection fees imposed in the territory of the first Contracting Party, shall
be applied.
The articles referred to above may be required to be kept under customs supervision
and control.
The provisions of this paragraph cannot be interpreted in such a way that a Contracting
Party can be made subject to the obligation to refund customs duties which already
have been levied on the items referred to above.
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3 Regular airborne equipment, spare parts, supplies of fuels and lubricants and aircraft
stores retained on board the aircraft of either Contracting Party may be unloaded
in the territory of the other Contracting Party only with the approval of the customs
authorities of that Contracting Party, who may require that these materials be placed
under their supervision up to such time as they are re-exported or otherwise disposed
of in accordance with customs regulations.
Article 12. Transfer of Funds
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1 The designated airlines of the Contracting parties shall be free to transfer from
the territory of sale to their home territory the excess, in the territory of sale,
of receipts over expenditure. Included in such net transfer shall be revenues from
sales, made directly or through agents, of air transport services, and ancillary or
supplemental services, and normal commercial interest earned on such revenues while
on deposit awaiting transfer.
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2 The designated airlines of the Contracting Parties shall receive approval for such
transfer within at most thirty (30) days of application, into a freely convertible
currency, at the official rate of exchange for conversion of local currency, as at
the date of sale.
The designated airlines of the Contracting Parties shall be free to effect the actual
transfer on receipt of approval.
Article 13. Aviation Security
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1 Consistent with their rights and obligations under international law, the Contracting
Parties reaffirm that their obligations to each other to protect the security of civil
aviation against acts of unlawful interference forms an integral part of the present
Agreement. Without limiting the generality of their rights and obligations under international
law, the Contracting Parties shall in particular act in conformity with the provisions
of the Convention on Offences and Certain Other Acts Committed on Board Aircraft,
done at Tokyo on 14 September 1963, the Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful
Seizure of Aircraft, done at the Hague on 16 December 1970 and the Convention for
the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Civil Aviation, done at Montreal
on 23 September 1971.
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2 The Contracting Parties shall provide upon request all necessary assistance in accordance
with their respective laws and regulations to each other to prevent acts against the
safety of aircraft, their passengers and crew, airports and air navigation facilities,
and any other threat to the security of civil aviation.
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3 The Contracting Parties shall, in their mutual relations, act in conformity with
the aviation security provisions established by the International Civil Aviation Organization
and designated as Annexes to the Convention on International Civil Aviation to the
extent that such security provisions are applicable to the Contracting Parties, and
they shall require that their airlines and the operators of airports in their territory
act in conformity with such security provisions.
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4 Each Contracting Party agrees that such airlines may be required to observe the aviation
security provisions referred to in paragraph 3 above required by the other Contracting
Party for entry into, departure from, or while within the territory of that other
Contracting Party. Each Contracting Party shall take appropriate measures within its
territory to protect the aircraft and to inspect passengers, crew, carry-on items,
baggage, cargo and aircraft stores prior to and during boarding or loading. Each Contracting
Party shall also give positive consideration to any request from the other Contracting
Party for reasonable special security measures to meet a particular threat.
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5 When an incident or threat of an incident of unlawful acts against the safety of
such aircraft, their passengers and crew, airports or air navigations facilities occurs,
the Contracting Parties shall assist each other by facilitating communications and
other appropriate measures intended to terminate rapidly and safely such incident
or threat thereof.
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6 The Contracting Parties shall act in accordance with the applicable aviation security
provisions established by the International Civil Aviation Organization. Should a
Contracting Party depart from such provisions, the other Contracting Party may request
consultations with that Contracting Party. Unless otherwise agreed by the Contracting
Parties, such consultations shall begin within a period of sixty (60) days from the
date of receipt of such a request. Failure to reach a satisfactory agreement could
constitute grounds for the application of Article 15 of this Agreement.
In a spirit of close co-operation the Aeronautical Authorities of the Contracting
Parties shall consult each other from time to time with a view to ensuring the implementation
of, and satisfactory compliance with, the provisions of the present Agreement and
of its Annex and shall also consult when necessary to provide for modification thereof.
Either Contracting Party may request consultation, which may be through discussion
or by correspondence and shall begin within a period of sixty (60) days of the date
of the request, unless both Contracting Parties agree to an extension of this period.
Article 15. Settlement of Disputes
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2 If the Contracting Parties fail to reach a settlement by negotiation, the dispute
may, at the request of either Contracting Party, be submitted for decision to a tribunal
of three arbitrators, one to be nominated by each Contracting Party and the third
to be agreed upon by the two arbitrators so chosen, provided that the third arbitrator
shall not be a national of either Contracting Party. The third arbitrator shall act
as President of the arbitral tribunal. Each of the Contracting Parties shall designate
an arbitrator within a period of sixty (60) days from the date of receipt by either
Contracting Party from the other Contracting Party of a diplomatic note requesting
arbitration of the dispute and the third arbitrator shall be agreed upon within a
further period of sixty (60) days. If either Contracting Party fails to designate
its own arbitrator within the period of sixty (60) days, or if the third arbitrator
is not agreed upon within the period indicated, the President of the Council of the
International Civil Aviation Organization may, at request of either Contracting Party,
appoint an arbitrator or arbitrators as the case requires.
Article 16. Modification of the Agreement
If either of the Contracting Parties considers it desirable to modify any provision
of the present Agreement, it may request consultation with the other Contracting Party
in accordance with Article 14. Such consultations, which may be between Aeronautical
Authorities and which may be through discussion or by correspondence, shall begin
within a period of sixty (60) days from the date of the request unless both Contracting
Parties agree to an extension of this period. Any modification so agreed shall come
into force when they have been confirmed by an exchange of diplomatic notes. Modifications
of the Annex shall be made by direct agreement between the Aeronautical Authorities
of the Contracting Parties. Such modifications would be effective from the date of
the approval of the Aeronautical Authorities.
Article 17. Applicability of Multilateral Agreements
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2 If a multilateral agreement concerning any matter covered by this Agreement, accepted
by both Contacting Parties, enters into force, the relevant provisions of that agreement
shall supersede the relevant provisions of the present Agreement.
Either Contracting Party may at any time give notice through diplomatic channels to
the other Contracting Party of its decision to terminate the present Agreement. A
copy of the notice shall be sent simultaneously to the International Civil Aviation
Organization. In such case the present Agreement shall be terminated twelve (12) months
after the date of receipt of the notice by the other Contracting Party, unless by
agreement between the Contracting Parties the notice under reference is withdrawn
before the expiration of that period. If the other Contracting Party fails to acknowledge
receipt, the notice shall be deemed to have been received fourteen (14) days after
the date of receipt of its copy by the International Civil Aviation Organization.
Article 19. Applicability
As regards the Kingdom of the Netherlands, this Agreement shall apply to the Kingdom
in Europe only.
The present Agreement and any amendment thereto shall be registered with the International
Civil Aviation Organization.
Article 21. Entry into Force
The present Agreement shall be provisionally applied from the thirtieth day following
the date of its signature and shall come into force on the first day of the second
month following the date on which the Contracting Parties have informed each other
in writing that the formalities constitutionally required therefore in their respective
countries have been complied with.
